The Dark Side of Social Media

Much of this semesters work has discussed the role of virtual communities in today’s social media and their place in shaping the world of tomorrow. We can see how internet users are now beginning to feel empowered by the ability to share ideas and express their want for change as a community. While this is Rheingold’s utopian vision of the virtual community in action, there is however a dark side to social media. There will always be those who find ways to utilise technology to the benefit of their own unbefitting causes. Cyber-bullying is now a huge issue. For many years bullying has been a common theme in schools and workplaces alike, many of us have experienced it to some degree. However, due to the nature of social media sadly it has become increasingly difficult for the victims of bullying to escape the harassment. Of course when pictures or comments are posted on the internet it is virtually impossible to stop the spread of such information and it is very unfortunate that there are those in the community that use social media to make other’s lives miserable.  I did an earlier post about digital activism; extremist activist groups are now harnessing the internet as a tool to recruit followers, attack computer networks and access classified information from governments and organisations. The internet can be a haven for extremists and those with views that are suppressed or appropriately rejected by mainstream society; it is a place to build virtual communities all the same. This is a very worrying trend. I found it particularly interesting reading a University of Illinois web page on the recruitment practices of white extremist and white nationalist organisations on the internet. This article defines extremism as a “dogmatic intolerance, expressed mildly or violently, and inclines toward an inflexible obedience to an accepted authority, shaped by a common ideology or sense of group unity (Gardner, 1997)”. Ultimately there is an extremist neo-Nazi or white supremacist percentage of the population existing on these forums. They are people with a message of hate and the same fundamentalist racists who attempt to either deny or somehow justify the holocaust; which of course is absurd. After some research I think there is a strong nationalist portion of membership within an organisation such as Stormfront (one of the listed extremist web communities) who are not necessarily racist individuals but simply frustrated with the way some migrant groups have abused and insulted their communities. Because the ultra politically correct hierarchy of our society rejects their cause they do not have anywhere else to turn, which is sad. I think that while there are people using social media a dark side will always exist, especially where real world social issues are present.




http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/834/743
http://www.stormfront.org/forum/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNumIY9D7uY

Produsage

The concept of “produsage” is a prime example of Henry Jenkins’ theory of convergence culture of today’s society. Convergence culture can be further broken down to media convergence, participatory culture and collective intelligence. Jenkins believes that society is changing with the increasing flow of information across various media platforms, the likes of which we have never seen before. Do to the flow of digital information the public have a lot more influence over media content and decisions made by corporations. The term “produsage” was first coined by the futurist Alan Toffler (1971) in referring to a culture in which we begin to see the role of users of products converging with the role of producers.  It has broken down the barrier between the old industrial age hierarchy of products being passed down the line from producers to distributors then on to the consumers. Jenkins makes a convincing point in drawing attention to the way 20^th century media corporations have ownership over the stories we know and love. Today’s technology and social media platforms have changed the way in which we now share information, videos and music for instance; whether by legal means or not it is now back in the hands of the people as it was many thousands of years ago. This is ever more prevalent in society when we look at a media platform such as YouTube or the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia which is constructed entirely by user written editorials. Dr. Axel Bruns from the Queensland University of Technology highlighted in his paper ‘Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation’ that fact that “Wikipedia has become a major threat to publications such as the  Encyclopaedia Britannica, and studies suggest that in some areas its content qualitymay be on par with that of its corporate competitors”. Also mentioned in the paper is the practice of collaborative filtering, such as the way Google’s PageRank predictions are based on the web populations content filtering patterns expressed though interlinking and in the way that 90% of the popular life simulation strategy computer game ‘The Sims’ is now user created . So in short I think the future of ‘produsage’ is looking strong. When we look at how easily online user restaurant reviews now alter the success of businesses its clear to see that the power of building collaborative information in a participatory culture is having a lasting effect. Until now I haven’t thought about my own role as a ‘produser’. However, if you can include the time I’ve spent writing and accessorising my page here on blogger as well my contributions to the world of YouTube then I suppose I am a part of this movement.
I believe that in the future we will see a lot more user contribution to products, especially in regard to technology and game based creations. Either consumers will become more tech savvy or producers will design products to be more open to user editing and creation.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibJaqXVaOaIhttp://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/10.1145/1260000/1254975/p99-bruns.pdf?ip=136.186.1.81&acc=ACTIVE%20SERVICE&CFID=270271604&CFTOKEN=99114713&__acm__=1359703240_40f813ec2b7ecbcdf055095aa8834defhttp://henryjenkins.org/2006/06/welcome_to_convergence_culture.html

The Sim-ulacra

A ‘simulacrum’ is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as “an image or representation of someone or something”, “an unsatisfactory imitation or substitute”. This term of course could be used to describe the world of simulated role-playing gaming which is becoming increasingly popular. Players interact with one and other through the use of avatars which they use to represent themselves in these virtual worlds. These real-time role-playing games are based on absolute fantasy yet to many these worlds feel as real and for some perhaps even more fulfilling than real life. This is hyper-reality at its best – or worst, rather.  Something that feels very real but is in fact a figment of the imagination of someone who has nothing better to do than spend their time wishing for a life more exciting than their own. In these worlds users assign meaning to their virtual lives, they work together and even form friendships with other users. There are of course different types of real time interactive role-playing games, some are rule based worlds in which characters interact with one and other in real time to ultimately complete a set of challenges in order to finish the game. ‘World of Warcraft’ is a perfect example of this, too many passionate and fanatical players this fantasy is as real as life itself. I must admit while my time in the “World of Warcraft” was brief it’s really not for everyone. When there are people dedicating almost all of their spare time and even some of their real-life money toward their social interactions in the gaming word (That’s right! people actually send their really money off in exchange for ‘World of Warcraft’ money which they can spend in the game) it really is an online life; a fitting example of Howard Rheingold’s theory of collaboration within new virtual communities.

Of course there are role-playing games which are entirely social interaction based without any set rules or objectives other than those dreamt up by the user's imagination. ‘Second Life’ is a stellar example of when a game world can become as complex as own lives. Again users navigate their way through a limitless world of fantasy cultures, customs, relationships and drama. Players can take on any representation of themselves they wish to within ‘Second Life’. With the option of assigning their avatar an occupation; they can even go as far as having a child with another user who they’ve built a entirely virtual relationship with. Controversially, in 2010 a South Korean “girl starved to death while her parents raised a virtual child on an online game” (a game similar to ‘Second Life’). This could be seen as a very sad representation of ‘the third order’ of Baudrillard’s ‘Hierarchy of Simulation’ in that “it masks the absence of a basic reality”, it is pure hyperrealism. Perhaps the strangest phenomenon of ‘Second Life’ is in the way it reflects our consumerist society. This hasn’t gone unnoticed in the corporate world, with real life retailer Adidas among other real world businesses opening stores in ‘Second Life’ so that users can spend on accessorising within the virtual world. While this style of gaming is enjoying popularity and is clearly very addictive for some, it is more than more than likely a form of escapism for many people. It is not something that we will all need; after all it is hard to believe anybody would have a need for a second life if they feel fulfilled with their first.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b72CvvMuD6Q
http://www.3pointd.com/20060914/virtual-adidas-store-sells-second-life-shoes/  
http://onlineres.swin.edu.au.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/1738063.pdf

Wikileaks

While the founder of Wikileaks Julian Assange considers himself to be an internet activist, many have compared he and his organisation to the likes of the terrorist organisation of Al Queda.

Since Wikleaks was first launched in 2006, Assange has managed to ruffle the feathers of the US government with the release of US documents. Some of the information Wikleaks has released include information regarding the US army protocol in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, documents from the Church of Scientology and content from Sarah Palin’s personal yahoo account just to name a few. With considerable damage done to the reputation of the US government with the release of classified footage of US military killing civilians and news workers in Iraq for example, the US government consider Wikileaks to be a “foreign terrorist organization”; even taking Assange before a US court in an effort to shut Wikileaks down. From Assange’s point of view “This transparency creates a better society for all people”. Written in one of Wikileaks’ mission statements its said that they believe that “freedom of speech and freedom of information are paths toward improving the world we live in”. Also worth noting is that Wikileaks do not believe in altering any of the information that they hack into, they simply gather information that they so important to them with no other objective than to make the practices of governments and other organisations they have investigates transparent to the public. As a not for profit organisation in this approach they can be seen as a sort of modern day Robin Hood to many in ‘outing’ the current dishonest and misleading nature of societies hierarchies. However, this also means that they have no regard to the privacy of information and in accessing classified government documentation, they are in fact engaging in illegal activity. It is for this reason that not only government and the institutions they have exposed have reacted negatively to Wikileaks as an organisation but also the global e-commerce business PayPal have distanced themself from the rogue organisation. In 2010 PayPal froze the Wikileaks account in a breach of their acceptable use policy which states that their payment service “cannot be used for any activities that encourage, promote, facilitate or instruct others to engage in illegal activity.”

Although, he shows no regard for information privacy Assange’s objective of sharing information with an online community for the supposed betterment of society does fit in with Jenkin’s views of a participatory culture. One in which the people are empowered by information sharing in an online environment. Assange is certainly an activist and a very dangerous one at that. With so much controversy regarding Wikileaks, their legacy may continue on for as long as they can legally do so. Governments and institutions are likely to be far more careful with classified information they are withholding, especially with social media making it so easy for damaging information to spread like wildfire across the globe, leaving reputations in tatters.

http://antiwar.com/blog/2010/04/05/wikileaks-releases-video-of-us-choppers-slaying-reporters-civilians/

http://www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information

http://www.aolnews.com/2010/07/26/just-who-is-julian-assange-the-man-behind-wikileaks/

http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/feb11/kinsman.pdf

http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/paypal-wikileaks/

Politics

When the world turns to digital media as a leading source for their news and information, it’s really no wonder that the strategy for political campaigning in recent years has changed to incorporate the use of technology. Research by the Pew Research Centre found that during the 2010 54% of US adults turned to online sources for information on the United States mid-term elections. This trend is likely to be influenced by the successes of social networking sites and the fact that by that time politicians are were beginning to invest more and more into their online campaigns on Facebook and Twitter for example. In a world of flexi-hours, over time and busy, fast paced lives it can be difficult for people to find the time to sit down and watch the evening news. Through the use of social media politicians can advertise their campaigns in a way in which they are engage their audience. Through method of campaigning politicians give the online community an opportunity to share new ideas, and support for a political campaign can be very visible online, even in the sense that it can motivate voters to interact with one and other. Rheingold’s theory of online communities has never been more relevant to the campaigners. Online, it’s possible for people to group together, this sense of empowerment of the people can benefit politicians in better understanding what is relevant to the community. Not only will candidates have to look good but they will need to be able to appeal to their target audience. President Obama’s 2012 presidential election campaign is a perfect example of this. Not only did Obama spend 10 times more on digital campaigning than his opponent Mitt Romney, he gave himself an ‘uber-cool’ image with an artsy, almost hipster touch his campaign imagery. As a result, 25% of those who did vote for Obama announced who they would be voting for via social media, as opposed to the 20% of Romney voters who did so. While it’s shown that the digital aspect of a political campaign can sway voters in favour for a politician, if care is not taken social media can destroy campaigns. In the case of US Senator George Allen, we can see how negative video footage of a politician putting down an opponent can very quickly spread on the internet and lose would-be voters. To be successful at the current time, campaigners must adapt to appeal to voters of all age demographics, especially the younger generations who are most comfortable with digital media. I believe in the future we will see far more politicians investing more into social media. I think if they are smart, campaigners will make more of an effort to poll internet followers on the changes they’d like to see happen and to measure their successes. In a time when a great many of us have smart phones, why wouldn’t politicians do more to produce apps that both promote their campaign and give people an opportunity to have their say?



http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/media/july-dec12/download_11-16.htmlhttp://www.charleneli.com/2012/10/obama-vs-romney-in-social-media-whos-using-it-best/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r90z0PMnKwIhttp://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/The-Internet-and-Campaign-2010.aspx

Twitter

Who'd have thought that by 2012, 140 million people would take time out of their day to follow famous personalities from around the globe, or for that matter, would we feel the need to publicly express their every moment in 140 characters or less? When so many people have previously invested so much in keeping up to date with the lives their favourite celebrities, Twitter enables us to go one step further and communicate directly with those who inspire us. It puts users at the forefront of world news and current affairs.
When once upon a time people would gossip amongst friends about trivial matters they've read in a tabloid, they can now communicate their feelings to the world and maybe even make a few friends at the same time. Its human nature to want to express ourselves; so when a social networking site such as Facebook has experienced so much success as a place to share and communicate with friends, its hardly surprising that Twitter which enables us to communicate with the world has been so phenomenally popular also.
I think Howard Rheingold's theory of an emergence of virtual communities is crucial to the concept of Twitter. By searching for trending topics on Twitter we can get behind the things that matter most to this global online community, by adding a hashtag to the end of our tweet we can engage in communication with people whom we would otherwise have never come into contact with.
This is an online community that empowers the people. With Twitter, not only is it is evident to see what is important to the masses, it gives the average user a voice. This is why so many businesses are now using Twitter, not only is it free advertising but it offers customers a forum to rant or rave about what they like about the business. This gives companies an insight into their customer base from which they can use to build and improve on their business practices. In many ways Twitter has revolutionised communication in breaking down the barrier between the public and the heads of the worlds major corporations, heads of political parties and of course celebrities. Even news programs ask viewers to text in their opinions on their top stories, with hosts often reading out tweets in real time on the show; 'The Project' is a perfect example of this practice in the industry. For the sole reason that Twitter is giving the people a voice to the world, I don't believe that Twitter will be going away any time in the near future. As long as it can keep up, stay fresh and adapt with the needs of consumers in our ever changing virtual lives I think it will hold its place as a social networking standard for many of us.    




http://mashable.com/2012/03/21/history-of-twitter-timeline/#4712116-Japanese-Earthquake-and-Tsunami
http://mashable.com/2012/06/05/twitter-for-beginners/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/howard_rheingold_on_collaboration.html

Mobile Devices

I think my generation is living through some of the most rapid technological changes the world has ever seen; particularly in regard to the emergence and amalgamation of computer technology and mobile communication. We either keep up pace with the digital world or we are very much left in the dark. In thinking of a smart phone as another appendage is no longer a laughing matter, a great number of people work and sleep with their mobile phone at arm’s length. By 2011, 54.9% of mobile users in the United States were smartphone owners. I must admit, since jumping on the bandwagon in upgrading to a Samsung Galaxy SII in 2011, I cannot see myself going back to a simpler device.
It’s not to say that I cannot be without my smartphone, it’s just so addictively convenient to have internet access, the capacity to write emails, a music collection, a photo album and so much more in the palm of my hand. It really is a life organiser all in one if used to its greatest affect. My uncle who works as an electrician was recently telling me that he is going to make the move to a smart phone so that he can access emails about new jobs without having leave the job he’s at to access his personal computer. This is just one example of how mobile devices are benefiting our daily lives. However, when this makes it so much harder to switch off and it is increasingly more difficult to have time apart from our jobs or our social life, for many digital communication leads to a self-destructive addiction. Julia C. Gluesing, a communication research professor, raised a valid point in that the boundaries between or work lives and our family lives are fast eroding. When we are now immediately answerable to friends and co-workers emails, text messages or Facebook contact then how can we really have any true time to ourselves? I felt comforted by much of what Sherry Turkle had to say in her convincing speech elaborating on the social implications of digital age communication. While it’s never been easier to keep in contact with others, striking up a real life conversation or even a phone conversation has become something of a rarity for so many of us. When there are so many efficient ways to interact with others such as email, text messaging and social networking sites, do we really need to have real time conversations? I feel we are not using these social devices to aid our social lives, these digital interactions do not really bring us any closer to one and other; subconsciously we are becoming increasingly lonely trying to fill the void of real relationships. I believe in the future we will increasingly reliant on mobile devices. We might use phones to make all monetary transactions or they may help to break down language barriers with other with the aid of an ‘app’. As I am ever more conscious of relationship with my smart phone, I don’t believe I’ll be without a mobile phone but I’ll certainly take into account the need to have time apart from my digital life.


http://www.inc.com/john-brandon/smartphone-of-the-future-6-predictions.html

http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together.html

http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/(S(i5qhqauraxmi5epiqyy5csr3))/Reader.aspx?p=428280&o=132&u=8ieBBVHqDnVxF4ip0KLAOw%3d%3d&t=1354356289&h=73710168FEE0EF8242822FB9991BBCB96936425A&s=7266428&ut=405&pg=71&r=img&c=-1&pat=n

http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/ehost/detail?sid=bee491c3-d541-4e80-9748-63be174a02de%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=8&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=f5h&AN=23303035

http://www.email-marketing-reports.com/wireless-mobile/smartphone-statistics.htm